Who Pays the Tariff? The Microeconomics of Consumer Tariff Burden
Who pays the tariff? The Kiel Institute analysed 25 million shipments: 96% of the cost falls on American importers and...
International Trade and Economics
Explore the world of international trade and economics with our expert articles
Nearshoring, Reshoring, Friendshoring
What each term means and why firms are moving production. Mexico has overtaken China as the top US import source...
The Singapore Economic Model
From $500 to over $87,000 per head: how Singapore built an economy on trade, foreign investment and human capital, and...
Dispute Settlement in International Trade
How trade disputes are resolved: the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, arbitration and mediation, the stages of a case, and what...
Harmonization of Laws in Trade
Aligning national rules with international standards cuts compliance costs and disputes. What harmonization covers, who does it, and where it...
International Standards and Global Trade
International standards such as ISO and IEC cut trade costs by making products compatible across borders. Incongruent standards act as...
Entry Barriers to FDI and Market Access
Countries restrict foreign direct investment through equity caps, licensing, screening, and currency controls. Here is how each barrier works.
Types of Foreign Direct Investment
Horizontal, vertical, conglomerate and platform FDI: what each type means, an example of each, and how they affect the host...
The Monetary Approach to the BOP
A balance of payments deficit is an excess supply of money. Reserves drain until it corrects itself. How this differs...
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in the BOP
The balance of payments is in equilibrium when autonomous receipts match autonomous payments without drawing on reserves. Why that is...