UK economy: Post-Brexit Reality and Structural Challenges
UK economy growth remains positive but constrained by weak productivity, post-Brexit trade frictions, high debt, energy costs, and persistent inflation...
Author: Majid Ali Sanghro
US CPI April 2026: Sticky Services Inflation and the Fed’s Bind
The US CPI April 2026 report showed headline inflation at 3.8 percent, with energy shocks and sticky services inflation keeping...
Cointegration and Engle-Granger Method: Long-Run Testing
Cointegration and Engle-Granger Method tests whether non-stationary economic variables share a stationary long-run equilibrium instead of a spurious trend relationship.
Granger Causality: Predictive Order in Time Series
Granger Causality tests whether past oil-price movements improve gasoline-price forecasts after gasoline’s own history is included in the time-series model.
Repeated Games and Folk Theorem: How Cooperation Emerges Without Contracts
Repeated Games and Folk Theorem explains how patience, punishment, and reputation sustain cooperation when formal contracts cannot enforce behaviour.
Bayesian Games: Strategy Under Incomplete Information
Bayesian Games explain strategic choice under private information using types, priors, beliefs, and Bayesian Nash Equilibrium.
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium: Beyond Nash in Sequential Games
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium refines Nash equilibrium by requiring optimality in every subgame, eliminating non-credible threats in sequential strategic interactions.
Roy’s Identity and Shephard’s Lemma: Recovering Demand from Utility and Cost
Roy's Identity and Shephard's Lemma are the duality results that recover Marshallian and Hicksian demand from indirect utility and expenditure...
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test: Detecting Unit Roots in Economic Time Series
The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test is the standard procedure for detecting unit roots in economic time series, preventing the spurious regression...
Eurozone Economy: Twenty-One Countries, One Currency, and Many Problems
The Eurozone economy spans twenty-one countries and €15.8 trillion of output. Growth is projected at 0.9% in 2026 amid energy...